We walk on it on the beaches, wiggle our bottoms as we dig our feet into the sand for pippies or eugaries to use for bait, and we catch worms that poke their heads out of the sand as waves retreat to the sea. When we walk on it dry in bare feet it squeaks.…

Rock climbers find the cliffs at Kangaroo Point ideal for developing their skills. The rock is irregularly jointed with overhanging blocks and is called the Brisbane Tuff. In Brisbane’s early days rock was quarried from the cliffs and trimmed to make kerbstones. The Tuff is an excellent building stone as it resists wear, is slip…

I could understand the expansion aspects of Plate Tectonics with the widening of the Atlantic Ocean about a central fault where basalt was extruded on to the ocean floor and thickened to form the mid-Atlantic Ridge. However, I could not understand “subduction” where the oceanic crust was supposed to disappear beneath the adjacent continents in…

The assumption that the Earths radius has not changed is based on the Equivalence Principle derived from General Relativity. The Equivalence Principle has been challenged by satellite experiments. GPS is based on Lorentzian Relativity and not General or Special Relativity, and experiments measuring the velocity of Light have found that it changes as the direction…

Pacific Ocean expansion on each side of the East Pacific Rise commenced near Antarctica and moved north to intercept the Gulf of California. To the East of the Rise, expansion moved blocks in the Basin and Range terrain in the Rockies to accommodate expansion. To the West the Pacific Ocean expanded. The Rise backfilled the…

Bucher investigated the pattern of deformation of a spherical crust in tension. A thin spherical glass shell was filled with water and cooled slowly until it expanded on freezing and cracked the glass producing two fractures from a point that we call the North Pole (the “FOCAL BAR” in Figure 1) to the Equator. Two…